6ES7416-2XK00-0AB0西門子6ES7416-2XK00-0AB0西門子
CPU的構(gòu)成
CPU是PLC的核心，起神經(jīng)中樞的作用，每套PLC至少有一個CPU，它按PLC的系統(tǒng)程序賦予的功能接收并存貯用戶程序和數(shù)據(jù)，用掃描的方式采集由現(xiàn)場輸入裝置送來的狀態(tài)或數(shù)據(jù)，并存入規(guī)定的寄存器中，同時，診斷電源和PLC內(nèi)部電路的工作狀態(tài)和編程過程中的語法錯誤等。進入運行后，從用戶程序存貯器中逐條讀取指令，經(jīng)分析后再按指令規(guī)定的任務(wù)產(chǎn)生相應(yīng)的控制信號，去指揮有關(guān)的控制電路。
CPU主要由運算器、控制器、寄存器及實現(xiàn)它們之間的數(shù)據(jù)、控制及狀態(tài)總線構(gòu)成，CPU單元還包括外圍芯片、總線接口及有關(guān)電路。內(nèi)存主要用于存儲程序及數(shù)據(jù)，是PLC*的組成單元。
在使用者看來，不必要詳細分析CPU的內(nèi)部電路，但對各部分的工作機制還是應(yīng)有足夠的理解。CPU的控制器控制CPU工作，由它讀取指令、解釋指令及執(zhí)行指令。但工作節(jié)奏由震蕩信號控制。運算器用于進行數(shù)字或邏輯運算，在控制器指揮下工作。寄存器參與運算，并存儲運算的中間結(jié)果，它也是在控制器指揮下工作。
CPU速度和內(nèi)存容量是PLC的重要參數(shù)，它們決定著PLC的工作速度，IO數(shù)量及軟件容量等，因此限制著控制規(guī)模。
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鄭娟萍
廈門仲鑫航自動化設(shè)備有限公司
PLC的通信聯(lián)網(wǎng)
依靠*的工業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)可以迅速有效地收集、傳送生產(chǎn)和管理數(shù)據(jù)。因此，網(wǎng)絡(luò)在自動化系統(tǒng)集成工程中的重要性越來越顯著，甚至有人提出"網(wǎng)絡(luò)就是控制器"的觀點說法。
PLC具有通信聯(lián)網(wǎng)的功能，它使PLC與PLC 之間、PLC與上位計算機以及其他智能設(shè)備之間能夠交換信息，形成一個統(tǒng)一的整體，實現(xiàn)分散集中控制。多數(shù)PLC具有RS-232接口，還有一些內(nèi)置有支持各自通信協(xié)議的接口。
PLC的通信，還未實現(xiàn)互操作性，IEC規(guī)定了多種現(xiàn)場總線標準，PLC各廠家均有采用。
對于一個自動化工程(特別是中大規(guī)?？刂葡到y(tǒng))來講，選擇網(wǎng)絡(luò)非常重要的。首先，網(wǎng)絡(luò)必須是開放的，以方便不同設(shè)備的集成及未來系統(tǒng)規(guī)模的擴展；其次，針對不同網(wǎng)絡(luò)層次的傳輸性能要求，選擇網(wǎng)絡(luò)的形式，這必須在較深入地了解該網(wǎng)絡(luò)標準的協(xié)議、機制的前提下進行；再次，綜合考慮系統(tǒng)成本、設(shè)備兼容性、現(xiàn)場環(huán)境適用性等具體問題，確定不同層次所使用的網(wǎng)絡(luò)標準。
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